General reading list / things to check out

Jen says

consider deeper questions about what wealth means, why we need wealth, what are the social values the system is built on and how do we change those?

International Comparisons of Wealth Inequality - article by edward wolff

Mark Gater - PhD in money systems with Britannia BS.. interesting topic and partnership model

Jak - swedish bank with no interest
Brazil - favellas - token system with boys given vouchers for menoring younger boys that they could then spend as university fees
Zopa, Time Bank
Guildhall - 'best price' - concept, negotiate on the fair price, not on the highest or lowest it was possible to get.


david.boyle@neweconomics.org

Mark Gater
bang on www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/msc/alumni/gater.html

The Quakers' Made of Money project

Richard Douthwaite

James RIchardson

David Boyle
david.boyle@neweconomics.org - done

Sargon at nef

Responsible debt book author

REOS dialogue interviews

Report (Chatham house)


Layard, Happiness



MBA text book section on business models - look on MIT reading list

ESOP - employee shared ownership

google cooperative movement and political economy / philosophy / history / economics of

Theory of Time

Imagine a pie chart totalling where our earnings go. It's split into 4 portions, A - D

A: our lives now, and our families if we have them
B: our future lives: savings, pensions
C: our society: other people, community, infrastructure: tax
D: money we pass to shareholders via profits on stuff we buy, including consumer goods and financial services - so including interest payments on mortgages and loans that become shareholder profits.

So my thinking is that under the current economic model, portion d is too large. If it were smaller, we would have either more money or more time for a, b and c.

This is why it's a sustainable lifestyle issue.

(There's a question of what would happen to tax income if d were reduced. More radical question of what would happen to required tax income if time for a and be were increased; eg, lower NHS bills).

One implication is that the money project is only really useful alongside broader efforts to help people to derive pleasure and meaning from less material things, that need time rather than money.

This means opportunities, like, FF, rural hub, community food gardens, kids club, 'special sundays' and so on. (NB need to ask charlie for a name for special sundays)

These things are a rich source of happiness and social health.

That's what I'm interested in.

But as long as D is large, we work a lot and don't have much time for the good stuff.

But NB the risk: without the other stuff, the money project simply has the potential to distribute wealth more evenly, rather than aiding the emergence of more sustainable lives and society.

It's a big lifelong social / environmental / economic experiment.

Eg, Student co-operatives in the US cost 40% less than average private student accomodation.

What does that mean? a) they get in less debt, b) they work for money less and have more time for studies and fun, c) they spend more money on other stuff

But, in sum, I think this thinking is central to addressing the work-life balance and family time issues.

The Fear

I am fearful.

The money project scares me.

I started to get fearful on the bus. I stopped my reading. What am I afraid of?

A cartoon came into my head. I saw a massive black block of stone with a little stick figure working at high speed, pushing and pushing at this big block, 200 times its own size, pushing in fast forward, pushing with the arms, the hip, pushing more, not a budge.

I looked up and saw a Take Courage sign. They're always there when you need them. I believe Life talks to me in wind and Take Courage signs.

I returned to the cartoon. What does taking courage look like?

The stick person sat down with it's back against the block, knees up, pulled out a book and started to read. Gradually lines of illumination started to appear within the block, starting to describe its internal forms and functions.

Other people started to gather around the reading stick man, interested, peering into the book, looking at the new lines of insight revealing the block.

More and more people gathered, the pieces of the block started to pull apart, different people worked on different bits, pulling them away

I smiled and felt better

and started to read again.

I am scared because I think the Money Project is economics.

I am scared of economics.

I am reading a book by an economist. It's about economics. I am enjoying it. I started to get excited about economics, because political science always stops short of that kind of tangibility. Yes the clash of civilisations might be a bit about Islamic political philosophy but isn't it more about oil, money and the enforced replacement of Iranian bread with white sliced?

I'm scared of economics because it is not me. It is not mine. It belongs to my sister. I am not the little girl who used to colour in complex geometric shapes, she is, that's what economists do when they're small. I sung and danced around. I still do. That's who I am.

I am not an economist so I can't do an economics project. Why do an economics project when all the people competing with you for PhD places will be way, way ahead of the game. It's like snowboarding goofy when actually you're normal. Which is exactly what I did.

I get tension in my jaw and shoulders because, why would you go into a race with half a leg like that? Why would you put yourself up for that kind of disadvantage?

I should have taken that place at Edinburgh and studied Psychology and by now I'd be running mental hospitals and revolutionising the way the sick are treated and they'd all be growing vegetables and making music and having proper conversations with their doctors. And life would be more comfortable and I'd be richer.

Instead I'm in a very weak and scary position competing with the economists for a training I'm not qualified to do.

My fear is bigger. Economics will trap me. It'll trap me in a conceptual land I find hard. It'll trap me in numbers and mathematics and they'll be hard and cold and I'm the kid who sings and dances around.

But.

I am also the kid who did rows and rows of sums for fun. I am the teenager whos maths teacher said, 'you won't be fulfilled unless you study mathematics.' I am the economics GCSE student whos teacher said, 'you could be even better than Romily if you would only do some work!'

So, I just googled 'therapeutic psychology' and the third item that came up was all about inequality and it's relation to unhappiness.

My first dream was to be on the stage like Annie. I wanted that really badly.

Then I was interested in psychology.I asked my mum whether psychology or sociology was best. She said, oh, sociology's boring, it's all about society, psychology's really interesting, it's all about people.

Then I saw a documentary about hte way that mentally ill people were treated. I saw a doctor engage with a woman more superficially than a tesco's check out assistant and tick some boxes; then I saw a camera man start to sing with her and she came alive.

That day up in the attic aged 15 or so I vowed to become a powerful psychologist and change the way that we relate to and treat the mentally ill.

Then I wanted to be a film maker. I really reallly wanted to be a film maker.

Then it was documentaries. I really really wanted to be a documentary film maker.

Then it was sustainability. I really really wanted to help make the world more sustainable.

I ended up studying political science. I fell in love with the subject in the first or second lecture.

She was talking about world politics. I had sworn and blinded about having to do a module in world politics, but I went along and fell in love.

I realised that politics was about everything. About how we are able, and unable to live. It is about our freedoms and oppressions, why one person lives in freedom while another lives in misery; why one person ends up with three houses and another ends up in jail.

I found the stories Big and Bold and Fundamental. I read Hobbes and Nietzsche and Hannah Arendt oh how I loved Arendt and her distinction between Work and Action - she was a great seer of the truth that the best things in life are non materialistic - and I real about Wallerstein and got passionate about justice and came out the other end still not really having a clue what Political Science was but somehow having a 1st class degree in it.

and work since then has been bitty but ok and mostly pretty good and sometimes very exciting and often quite stressful but that's as much about the biscuits as it is about the work.

but it feels bitty

and it feels like it's time to settle into One Big Focus

and really do it.

but economics feels black and heavy

and on the other hand, it feels fascinating

it feels like it opens up and takes to the next level all of my questions about how we organise ourselves, how we do stuff and make stuff and trade stuff and meet our needs in a way that most maximises our personal, social and environmental wellbeing

see, i'm still fundamentally concerned with wellbeing

but in more of a preventative way now than the curative way of psychology

let's not be zero sum; i bet psychology can be fucking interesting; the insights you can get must be fantastic. But so is economics and political economy. It's what it's all about. I have a hunch that I'm seeing something important that people aren't paying any serious attention to, and things could get much better if we do

if we had more sustainable and just models of business ownership

we may be able to work less and play more

because less of our time would be sucked up by people making profit from our consumption and labour

ha! I'm a marxist!

and if land ownership were more equitable

people could do stuff, could make Action, with less pressure, and less unsustainability in their production and consumption

that's my hunch

so I'm going to check it out

and maybe if I do some work

in some years I can become as good as Romily

and maybe my knee will heal

but at the end of the day, it's a livelihood

and I've got to be comfortable with my livelihood

with my life.

With my days, and the ways I spend them.

So here's the deal.

I'm going to try and gain some insight into that block of Big Quesions that is the money project.

I'm not going to make any dark and lonely forays into such matters as econometrics

but i'm actually pretty happy with numbers, pretty comfortable

and i'm actually pretty hungry to read these books. I'm very hungry in fact.

and if I take a political economy route, I'm not starting at a major disadvantage, especially if I do a bunch of reading. And I can learn some economics as I go if I need to.

This money project has been bubbling in me for years.

It's time to take that energy somewhere.

That urge to solve mental health treatments was a manifestation of an essential characteristic

to try to solve problems

I love, I really love

imagining solutions

I really love

understanding problems

imagining solutions

and having a go at making them happen

i seem to be compelled towards

very difficult things

I seem to get bored otherwise

but completely captivated by very difficult things

and here, in modern capitalism,

is a very complex problem in need of a bit of solving

and it's a very difficult thing

and if it works for me,

maybe one day I'll end up at a university

teaching business students and poli sci students about business models and susatinability

but the most exciting thing would be working with businesses and entrepreneurs and governements

to try to figure out how to solve the problems

and then maybe one day I can do some work on the political economy of land ownership and lifestyle

and on the political economy of mental health treatment

maybe do something about that

through the yoga and the vegetable gardens and the way we design our economic organisation

they way we organise ourselves economically

man, it all comes down to how we organise ourselves economically

so here's the deal

if it's not comfortable,

i'll stop

i'll quit

and i'll live in a yurt and practice yoga and teach people and go teach in mental hospitals - nb - I have a promise to do that by the way that I have to keep

and I'll help the FF to grow

and i'll keep up with the social shamanism

the studying of problems

the imagining of solutions

and if I really want to read psychology, I can

but right now I'm far more interested in economics!

I do feel like political economy is the most interesting thing

why do we shut out our old people and mentally ill because they are economically inefficient?

we have so much to exchange with each other!

maybe if there were more embercombes there'd be fewer psychiatric hospitals.

if economics feels dark and heavy, perhaps that is because contemporary capitalist economics is dark

so what does light economics, an economics of light, look like?

i think it's time to gather some people (in a bit) around my book by the black block and do some thinking and talking together.

and maybe we can bring forward an economics of light.

an economics of light.

Business model design workshop

Alex Osterwalder

Understanding conservative businesses
Getting into their shoes, behind their eyes

Do good while doing well

Higher chance of success where the owners are – people who will be impacted by the business? People who will be involved in the business

Grameen phone

Wise – connect wealthy individuals with social entrepreneurs

Big green challenge – companies as case studies?

“if you want to go fast, you go alone. If you want to go far, you go together”

international capital markets

Blue Orchard – connecting the world of international capital markets with microfinance institutions like grameen

Myc4 – bridging gap between individual investors and lendors, and medium sized businesses in Africa

Investors: you’re getting 14%: where is that 14% coming from? Story telling...


methods for strategy analysis and design

few methods out there that help companies look at new ways of doing business

IBM CEO survey showing that business model innovation is top of the agenda – a lot of people are doing it, interested in doing it, don’t always know how

His methodology: reflect systematically on business models

Business Model Template – on his blog

http://business-model-design.blogspot.com

USP – seeing the whole thing on one piece of paper.

‘where is the money going to come from, to sustain this value creation’

in models – the power lies in simplicity, so people don’t get lost. The whole idea of a model is trying to represent reality in a simplified way.

Online football clubs where people can buy parts and shares online

He says, business model design is totally separate from organisational structure

You can have a variety of different organisational structures for the same business model design

Draw the line between the two

Unless the org structure is part of the design, eg, part of the relationship with the consumer or the partner etc

He knows of little work on that

Zameen aims to bring ownership further up the value chain

Eg, Cotton farmers owning factories, or mills

Trad model: buy from one source, sell it to another, make a margin on that

So big questions about the margin

Clear imperative to maximise the margin while you can – you will not always be able to. Make hay while sun shines

How much does ownership affect operations?

Skype – sim to telecoms – comms offer – has a completely different biz model to telco

The money project and the credit crunch

What's the relationship between the money project and the credit crunch?

It's not the building societies and the member owned mutuals that are going down.

It's the banks that maximise profit from their trade in money and shares with consumers and businesses

what's that about?

First non-profit bank in UK opened in 2002 http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2002/oct/17/charityfinance

looks like there's no such thing as a non profit mortgage lender

what's the coop bank's ownership model?

why are there no non profit banks and mortgage lenders?

credit unions... why do they not grow and do proper services?

non profit doesn't mean not making a surplus

where do we draw the line?

http://c-resource.com/~creso2/view_article.php?aid=98

http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/index.aspx
Charitable donations are dwindling as recession spreads - while charities' services are becoming more in demand.

Search terms, sources, things to check out

British Library


Anthropology of money
Anthropology and Politics of Commodity Exchange (Studies in Anthropology & History) by GREGORY

A History of Money: From AD 800 by Professor Forrest Capie and John F Chown

Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community (Themes in the Social Sciences)

Money and the Morality of Exchange by Jonathan Parry and Maurice Bloch


Corporate governance, wealth distribution

Corporate Governance and the Distribution of Wealth: A Political-Economy Perspective

Authors: Perotti, Enrico C.; von Thadden, Ernst-Ludwig

Source: Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE, Volume 162, Number 1, March 2006 , pp. 204-217(14)

Publisher: Mohr Siebeck

Volume 162:Number 1(2006:Mar.)

Available

Lending Collection

5007.506000

Corporate governance: what about the workers?
Prem Sikka

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 2008 vol 21 issue 7, pp 955 - 977

The effect of privatization on wealth distribution in Russia

Michael Alexeev

¹ Department of Economics, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA

SME, wealth distribution

The Corporation

Corporation 20/20

Jen says

consider deeper questions about what wealth means, why we need wealth, what are the social values the system is built on and how do we change those?

Mark Gater - PhD in money systems with Britannia BS.. interesting topic and partnership model

Jak - swedish bank with no interest
Brazil - favellas - token system with boys given vouchers for mentoring younger boys that they could then spend as university fees
Zopa, Time Bank
Guildhall - 'best price' - concept, negotiate on the fair price, not on the highest or lowest it was possible to get.


david.boyle@neweconomics.org

Mark Gater
bang on www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/msc/alumni/gater.html

The Quakers' Made of Money project

Richard Douthwaite

James RIchardson

David Boyle
david.boyle@neweconomics.org - done

Sargon at nef

Responsible debt book author

REOS dialogue interviews

Report (Chatham house)


Layard, Happiness



MBA text book section on business models - look on MIT reading list

ESOP - employee shared ownership

google cooperative movement and political economy / philosophy / history / economics of


'Your search term 'SME, wealth distribution' matched no records' (no exact word)

SME, inequality

Your search term 'SME, inequality' matched no records

Rik Donckels and Asko Miettinen (eds), Entrepreneurship and SME Research: On its Way to the Next Millennium

Brian Snowden and Howard R. Vane, Conversations with Leading Economists: Interpreting Modern Macroeconomics

A. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed, Growth of the International Economy1820–2000

Google
business ownership models distribution capital



Ownership and Governance of Enterprises: Recent Innovative Developments (Studies in Development Economics and Policy) (Hardcover)

In Search of Secret India” by Dr Paul Brunton



Look at Tim Jackson and SDC re growth

Oatley, International Political Economy (2008) and Ravenhill, Global Political Economy (2008) by the end of the first term.
(IPE course recommended reading)

International Perspectives on Household Wealth
By Edward N. Wolff, Jerome Levy – business equity, p 183



Why does market capitalism fail to deliver a sustainable environment and greater equality of incomes?

* Autores: Christine Greenhalgh
* Localización: Cambridge journal of economics, ISSN 0309-166X, Nº. 6, 2005 , pags. 1091-1109

I argue that free-market capitalist economies are biased against inventing/using green technology and against supplying the basic needs of the poor. With no mechanism for setting globally optimal prices for non-renewables, entrepreneurs choose labour-saving resource-intensive production methods. Further pressure on labour costs comes from finite individual lifetimes combined with rising access to goods. R&D creates technologies/products geared to saving worker and consumer time, instead of conserving non-renewable resources. Demand for positional luxury goods by the rich crowds out the basic needs of the poor. Technology caters for the demands of the rich, accentuating inequality, as prices fall/quality rises with innovation. I conclude with policies to redress imbalances. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.

The Ownership Solution: Toward a Stakeholder Capitalism for the 21st Century by Jeff Gates, 1998/9

Employee Ownership in America: the Equity Solution (Issues in Organization and Management Series]) (1985)

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=661444
Profit Maximization versus Disadvantageous Inequality: The Impact of Self-Categorization



Co-operative, inequality
• http://hsepubl.lib.hse.fi/EN/wp/?cmd=show&wpid=1021 - more about inequality as a driver of co-operatives, rather than vice versa
• Social inequality in Vietnam and the challenges to reform – book – no explicit mention in contents page

Not focusing on inequality of national incomes. Focusing on inequality of wealth held by individuals

Layard, Happiness

Capitalism, inequality

http://www.springerlink.com/content/m54165748147g455/
- extremist persective, neo-marxist and aggressively so.

“The sanctity of private property ownership would need to be drastically interfered with in order to bring about the qualitative improvement of the living conditions and experiences of the world's peoples. It seems to me that we would have to entertain the notion that private property ownership must be abolished and a social ownership and control of the commanding heights of the economy established as a first giant step towards a humane world.”

Capitalism and inequality: The negative consequences for humanity
Journal Crime, Law and Social Change
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0925-4994 (Print) 1573-0751 (Online)
Issue Volume 6, Number 4 / October, 1982
DOI 10.1007/BF00728232
Pages 333-371
Subject Collection Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
SpringerLink Date Wednesday, December 08, 2004

So, I’ll need to strongly distinguished my approach from the socialists because that’s who I’ll get lumped in with.

Also, everyone says ‘the top 10% blah and the bottom 10% blah’ – so, briefly recognise that ineq is growing (this is contentious) and move very swiftly on to introduce my angle, which is fresh.

Perhaps the literature so far has been divided into the capitalists on one side, the socialists on the other, and there’s a middle ground regarding the distribution of wealth that has yet to be explored fully.

- ‘Fruits of capitalism; inequality matters’ – Kim Petersen. Book, again quite extreme left

The case of China – capitalism and socialism – who owns the organisations and where does the surplus go?

YouTube - Inequality and Global Capitalism
Harvard labor economist Richard Freeman explores how social inequality and globalization are threatening the foundation of democracy in the United States in ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKinQbBF1Ek

CiC, inequality

Community Interest Company, wealth distribution

http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html
Generally speaking, "wealth" is the value of everything a person or family owns, minus any debts. However, for purposes of studying the wealth distribution, economists define wealth in terms of marketable assets, such as real estate, stocks, and bonds, leaving aside consumer durables like cars and household items because they are not as readily converted into cash and are more valuable to their owners for use purposes than they are for resale (Wolff, 2004, p. 4, for a full discussion of these issues). Once the value of all marketable assets is determined, then all debts, such as home mortgages and credit card debts, are subtracted, which yields a person's net worth. In addition, economists use the concept of financial wealth, which is defined as net worth minus net equity in owner-occupied housing. As Wolff (2004, p. 5) explains, "Financial wealth is a more 'liquid' concept than marketable wealth, since one's home is difficult to convert into cash in the short term. It thus reflects the resources that may be immediately available for consumption or various forms of investments."

We also need to distinguish wealth from income. Income is what people earn from wages, dividends, interest, and any rents or royalties that are paid to them on properties they own. In theory, those who own a great deal of wealth may or may not have high incomes, depending on the returns they receive from their wealth, but in reality those at the very top of the wealth distribution usually have the most income.

Business model, inequality

Business ownership, inequality

• Steckel, R.H., Moehling, C.M. (2001), "Rising inequality: trends in the distribution of wealth in industrializing New England", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 61 No.1, pp.160-83.

http://www.newsfromnowhere.org.uk/books/DisplayBooklist.php?BookListID=123 - long list of anti-capitalist books



SME, inequality

He said SMEs play a vital role in the country's socio-economic development, and aid in the eradication of poverty and inequality, an SME role that the government has realised.
http://www.economist.com.na/content/view/317/53/


http://www.oecd.org/document/38/0,3343,en_2649_34321_37130854_1_1_1_1,00.html

Economic Survey of Japan 2006: Income inequality, poverty and social spending

OECD Economics Department

Monetary flows

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/utis/1999/00000015/00000001/art00005

The World System of International Monetary Flows: A Network Analysis

Authors: Salisbury J. G. T.; Barnett G. A.

Source: The Information Society, Volume 15, Number 1, 1 January 1999 , pp. 31-49(19)

Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group

Abstract:

The emergence of the global service economy has altered the flows of information and capital among the world's nations. Electronic international banking networks now provide the economic infrastructure for the ''global village'' as millions of financial transactions are processed daily. This article describes the world system based on the financial transactions of an international credit card network. Using transaction data from the third quarter of 1995, a network analysis produced structural findings similar to those found for the international telecommunications and trade networks. These results indicate that the world's monetary flow system is composed of a single group with the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Canada at the core and the former members of the Eastern Block and less developed countries at the periphery. Additionally, a number of nations are marginal in the network with only a single link to a core member of the network.




Inequality, business

Business, wealth distribution

Business, surplus distribution

Surplus distribution, inequality

Profit, inequality

Shareholders, inquality

Stock market, inequality

Business ownership, inequality

http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/75-001-XIE/10904/art-2.htm - Canadian dept of statistics
Of total wealth inequality in Canada, 98% was attributable to inequality within provinces. The factors affecting family wealth inequality within provinces include homeownership status, business equity, financial asset components, employer pension plan savings, and mortgage and consumer debt.

Business equity, inequality

International Perspectives on household wealth… Edward Wolff

nstitutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps (New Frontiers of Social Policy)
by Michael Walton (Editor), Anthony J. Bebbington (Editor), Anis A. Dani (Editor), Arjan De Haan (Editor)

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Inequality-Prosperity-Liberal-Political-Hardcover/dp/0801443512/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221652641&sr=8-1
Inequality and Prosperity: social Europe vs liberal America

Journal of Corporate Citizenship

Google – ‘stock market, inequality’ – most references focus on income inequality
Wealth in America
By Lisa A. Keister

Looks a little at wealth.

Google search – journal of coproate citizenship, inequality

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1445
can do a manual search through the back issues

JCC March 2007
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1445/is_200703?tag=content;col1

nothing on inequality from the titles

Ethical Corp – search on ‘inequality’ produces 45 results
http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5337
Governance:
Shareholder voting rights – Equity ownership’s endemic inequality
European investors want corporate decisions made on the basis of one share, one vote, but some companies are not listening
Despite protests from investors, more than one in four companies in Europe restrict the voting rights of shareholders.

Google

‘CSR, inequality’

World of Work Report 2008: Income inequalities in the age of financial globalization, produced by the ILO’s International Institute for Labour Studies also notes that a major share of the cost of the financial and economic crisis will be borne by hundreds of millions of people who haven’t shared in the benefits of recent growth.

http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/globalisation/philanthrocapitalism/power_inequality_democracy
The new philanthropy: power, inequality, democracy
Geoff Mulgan
The sceptical scrutiny of "philanthrocapitalism" by Michael Edwards is welcome. But markets and social enterprise could help realise the potential of a new donor economy, says Geoff Mulgan.

(how demorlaising – being a charity recipient. Is it? At the nag was it good to receive charity donations?)

Consumer driven market mechanisms to fight inequality: the case of CSR/product differentiation models with asymmetric information

The bottom up pressure of "concerned" consumers and the rise of "socially responsible" products represents a new market mechanism to fight inequality and promote social inclusion. To analyze the new phenomenon of competition in corporate social responsibility (CSR) amid doubts on consumer tastes and of the effective corporate SR stance we adopt a horizontal differentiation approach in which the Hotelling segment is reinterpreted as the space of product SR characteristics and consumer tastes are uncertain. We find equilibria of the pure location and of the price-location games and show what changes when we move from a duopoly of profit maximizing producers to a mixed duopoly. Our findings illustrate that a nonzero degree of CSR is the optimal choice of profit maximizing corporations under reasonable parametric intervals of consumers’ "costs of ethical distance", corporate cost of CSR and uncertainty about consumer tastes.

http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1930.html
The revised and updated edition of this text (originally published in 2000) examines how excessive executive compensation contributes to the widening gulf between rich and poor.


Premodern Trade in World History (Themes in World History) (Themes in World History) by Richard L. Smith (Paperback - 15 Dec 2007)

A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present by Rondo Cameron and Larry Neal (Paperback - 25 Jul 2002)

8. Existing and historical approaches to redistribution

• Perameter interventions - eg, one off payments to help pensioners deal with high fuel bills
• “Britain’s leading tax experts - the Institute for Fiscal Studies – said that despite the billions of pounds spent on tax credits, Labour had yet to meet its 2005 benchmarks for reducing child poverty by a quarter.” Guardian 11.06.०८
• different approaches to income from ownership: Denis Healey put a 98% tax on unearned income in १९७८ (History of Modern Britain)
• cost plus' - form of regulation where companies are allowed to make back cost put a specified percentage and no more. Cap on profit essentially, sometimes used with utility companies

http://moneyterms.co.uk/cost-plus/

The problem with cost-plus pricing is that it pays no attention to market prices. This means that it inevitably leads to either margins that are lower than they need be, or less sales. In the extreme case, applying cost-plus pricing to a commodity (not that anyone would — not for long anyway!), could lead to no sales at all if the cost-plus price was above the market price.

A pricing method similar to cost-plus is sometimes imposed by regulators on monopolies such as some utilities (Ofwat's methods of setting prices, for example). This is usually somewhat different as the the price setting process is modified to give sellers motivation to be efficient: for example, by basing it on what the regulator calculates costs should be, rather than on actual costs.

Banks et al 200:27

• "prior o the mid 1980s in Britain there was a tax bias away from direct holidings of equity towards wealth held in housing or occupational pensions, since equity was more heavily taxed than consumption, and housing and pensions benefitted from tax advantages relative to consumption... The introduction of personal equity plans and employee share ownership schemes meant that, from 1987 at least, equity could be held in a more favourably taxed manner by British households."
• Dividend income is taxed in both the US and UK.
• Stamp duty - 0.5% levvied on all share transactions in the UK